Lyra From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search For other uses, see Lyra (disambiguation). Lyra Constellation Lyra List of stars in Lyra Abbreviation Lyr Genitive Lyrae Pronunciation /ˈlaɪrə/, genitive /ˈlaɪriː/ Symbolism Lyre, harp Right ascension 18h 14m to 19h 28m Declination 25.66° to 47.71° Quadrant NQ4 Area 286 sq. deg. (52nd) Main stars 5 Bayer/Flamsteed stars 25 Stars brighter than 3.00m 1 (Vega) Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly) 3[n 1] Brightest star Vega (α Lyr) (0.03m) Messier objects 2 Meteor showers Lyrids June Lyrids Alpha Lyrids Bordering constellations Draco Hercules Vulpecula Cygnus Visible at latitudes between +90° and −40°. Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of August. [1] Lyra (/ˈlaɪrə/; Latin for lyre, from Greek λύρα)[2] is a small constellation. It is one of the 48 listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and is one of the modern 88 constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union. Lyra was often represented on star maps as a vulture or an eagle carrying a lyre, and hence is sometimes referred to as Vultur Cadens or Aquila Cadens ("Falling Vulture"[3] or "Falling Eagle"), respectively. Beginning at the north, Lyra is bordered by Draco, Hercules, Vulpecula, and Cygnus. Lyra is nearly overhead in temperate northern latitudes shortly after midnight at the start of summer. From the equator to about the 40th parallel south it is visible low in the northern sky during the same (thus winter) months. Vega, Lyra's brightest star, is one of the brightest stars in the night sky, and forms a corner of the famed Summer Triangle asterism. Beta Lyrae is the prototype of a class of binary stars known as Beta Lyrae variables. These binary stars are so close to each other that they become egg-shaped and material flows from one to the other. Epsilon Lyrae, known informally as the Double Double, is a complex multiple star system. Lyra also hosts the Ring Nebula, the second-discovered and best-known planetary nebula. Contents 1 History 2 Characteristics 3 Features 3.1 Stars 3.2 Deep-sky objects 3.3 Exoplanets 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Citations 8 External links History Lyra can be seen on the right of this c. 1825 star map from Urania's Mirror. In Greek mythology, Lyra represents the lyre of Orpheus. Made by Hermes from a tortoise shell, given to Apollo as a bargain, it was said to be the first lyre ever produced. Orpheus's music was said to be so great that even inanimate objects such as rocks could be charmed. Joining Jason and the Argonauts, his music was able to quell the voices of the dangerous Sirens, who sang tempting songs to the Argonauts.[4] At one point, Orpheus married Eurydice, a nymph. While fleeing from an attack by Aristaeus, she stepped on a snake that bit her, killing her. To reclaim her, Orpheus entered the Underworld, where the music from his lyre charmed Hades. Hades relented and let Orpheus bring Eurydice back, on the condition that he never once look back until outside. Unfortunately, near the very end, Orpheus faltered and looked back, causing Eurydice to be left in the Underworld forever. Orpheus spent the rest of his life strumming his lyre while wandering aimlessly through the land, rejecting all marriage offers from women.[4] There are two competing myths relating to the death of Orpheus. According to Eratosthenes, Orpheus failed to make a necessary sacrifice to Dionysus due to his regard for Apollo as the supreme deity instead. Dionysus then sent his followers to rip Orpheus apart. Ovid tells a rather different story, saying that women, in retribution for Orpheus's rejection of marriage offers, ganged up and threw stones and spears. At first, his music charmed them as well, but eventually their numbers and clamor overwhelmed his music and he was hit by the spears. Both myths then state that his lyre was placed in the sky by Zeus, and Orpheus' bones buried by the muses.[4] Vega and its surrounding stars are also treated as a constellation in other cultures. The area corresponding to Lyra was seen by the Arabs as a vulture or an eagle diving with folded wings.[4] In Wales, Lyra is known as King Arthur's Harp (Talyn Arthur), and King David's harp. The Persian Hafiz called it the Lyre of Zurah. It has been called the Manger of the Infant Saviour, Praesepe Salvatoris.[5] In Australian Aboriginal astronomy, Lyra is known by the Boorong people in Victoria as the Malleefowl constellation.[6] Lyra was known as Urcuchillay by the Incas and was worshipped as an animal deity.[7][8] Characteristics Lyra is bordered by Vulpecula to the south, Hercules to the east, Draco to the north, and Cygnus to the west. Covering 286.5 square degrees, it ranks 52nd of the 88 modern constellations in size. It appears prominently in the northern sky during the Northern Hemisphere's summer, and the whole constellation is visible for at least part of the year to observers north of latitude 42°S.[9][n 2] Its main asterism consists of six stars,[n 3] and 73 stars in total are brighter than magnitude 6.5.[9] The constellation's boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a 17-sided polygon. In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 18h 14m and 19h 28m , while the declination coordinates are between +25.66° and +47.71°.[10] The International Astronomical Union (IAU) adopted the three-letter abbreviation "Lyr" for the constellation in 1922.[11] Features
Lyra
| Constellation | |
 | |
| Abbreviation | Lyr |
|---|---|
| Genitive | Lyrae |
| Pronunciation | /ˈlaɪrə/, genitive /ˈlaɪriː/ |
| Symbolism | Lyre, harp |
| Right ascension | 18h 14m to 19h 28m |
| Declination | 25.66° to 47.71° |
| Quadrant | NQ4 |
| Area | 286 sq. deg. (52nd) |
| Main stars | 5 |
| Bayer/Flamsteed stars | 25 |
| Stars brighter than 3.00m | 1 (Vega) |
| Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly) | 3[n 1] |
| Brightest star | Vega (α Lyr) (0.03m) |
| Messier objects | 2 |
| Meteor showers | Lyrids June Lyrids Alpha Lyrids |
| Bordering constellations | Draco Hercules Vulpecula Cygnus |
| Visible at latitudes between +90° and −40°. Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of August. [1] | |
Lyra (/ˈlaɪrə/; Latin for lyre, from Greek λύρα)[2] is a small constellation. It is one of the 48 listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and is one of the modern 88 constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union. Lyra was often represented on star maps as a vulture or an eagle carrying a lyre, and hence is sometimes referred to as Vultur Cadens or Aquila Cadens ("Falling Vulture"[3] or "Falling Eagle"), respectively. Beginning at the north, Lyra is bordered by Draco, Hercules, Vulpecula, and Cygnus. Lyra is nearly overhead in temperate northern latitudes shortly after midnight at the start of summer. From the equator to about the 40th parallel south it is visible low in the northern sky during the same (thus winter) months.
Vega, Lyra's brightest star, is one of the brightest stars in the night sky, and forms a corner of the famed Summer Triangle asterism. Beta Lyrae is the prototype of a class of binary stars known as Beta Lyrae variables. These binary stars are so close to each other that they become egg-shaped and material flows from one to the other. Epsilon Lyrae, known informally as the Double Double, is a complex multiple star system. Lyra also hosts the Ring Nebula, the second-discovered and best-known planetary nebula.
History[edit]
In Greek mythology, Lyra represents the lyre of Orpheus. Made by Hermes from a tortoise shell, given to Apollo as a bargain, it was said to be the first lyre ever produced. Orpheus's music was said to be so great that even inanimate objects such as rocks could be charmed. Joining Jason and the Argonauts, his music was able to quell the voices of the dangerous Sirens, who sang tempting songs to the Argonauts.[4]
At one point, Orpheus married Eurydice, a nymph. While fleeing from an attack by Aristaeus, she stepped on a snake that bit her, killing her. To reclaim her, Orpheus entered the Underworld, where the music from his lyre charmed Hades. Hades relented and let Orpheus bring Eurydice back, on the condition that he never once look back until outside. Unfortunately, near the very end, Orpheus faltered and looked back, causing Eurydice to be left in the Underworld forever. Orpheus spent the rest of his life strumming his lyre while wandering aimlessly through the land, rejecting all marriage offers from women.[4]
There are two competing myths relating to the death of Orpheus. According to Eratosthenes, Orpheus failed to make a necessary sacrifice to Dionysus due to his regard for Apollo as the supreme deity instead. Dionysus then sent his followers to rip Orpheus apart. Ovid tells a rather different story, saying that women, in retribution for Orpheus's rejection of marriage offers, ganged up and threw stones and spears. At first, his music charmed them as well, but eventually their numbers and clamor overwhelmed his music and he was hit by the spears. Both myths then state that his lyre was placed in the sky by Zeus, and Orpheus' bones buried by the muses.[4]
Vega and its surrounding stars are also treated as a constellation in other cultures. The area corresponding to Lyra was seen by the Arabs as a vulture or an eagle diving with folded wings.[4] In Wales, Lyra is known as King Arthur's Harp (Talyn Arthur), and King David's harp. The Persian Hafiz called it the Lyre of Zurah. It has been called the Manger of the Infant Saviour, Praesepe Salvatoris.[5] In Australian Aboriginal astronomy, Lyra is known by the Boorong people in Victoria as the Malleefowl constellation.[6] Lyra was known as Urcuchillay by the Incas and was worshipped as an animal deity.[7][8]
Characteristics[edit]
Lyra is bordered by Vulpecula to the south, Hercules to the east, Draco to the north, and Cygnus to the west. Covering 286.5 square degrees, it ranks 52nd of the 88 modern constellations in size. It appears prominently in the northern sky during the Northern Hemisphere's summer, and the whole constellation is visible for at least part of the year to observers north of latitude 42°S.[9][n 2] Its main asterism consists of six stars,[n 3] and 73 stars in total are brighter than magnitude 6.5.[9] The constellation's boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a 17-sided polygon. In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 18h 14m and 19h 28m , while the declination coordinates are between +25.66° and +47.71°.[10] The International Astronomical Union (IAU) adopted the three-letter abbreviation "Lyr" for the constellation in 1922.[11]
Features
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